Sending-or-Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Light Source Monitoring

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) is proposed to achieve a remote key distribution with a maximum secure transmission distance up to over 500 km. Although the security of TF-QKD in its detection part is guaranteed, there are some remaining problems in the source part. The sending-or-not-sending (SNS) protocol is proposed to solve the security problem in the phase post-selection process; however, the light source is still assumed to be an ideal coherent state. This assumption is not satisfied in real-life QKD systems, leading to practical secure issues. In this paper, we discuss the condition that the photon number distribution (PND) of the source is unknown for the SNS protocol, demonstrate that the security analysis is still valid under a source with unknown PND, and show that with light source monitoring, the performance of the SNS protocol can remain almost unchanged.