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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Entropy and Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics.

Róbert Kovács1,2,3, Antonio M Scarfone4, Sumiyoshi Abe5,6,7,8

  • 1Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This special issue explores entropy and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics through seven original research papers. It delves into complex systems and their thermodynamic behaviors.

Keywords:
kinetic theorynon-equilibrium phenomenasecond law of thermodynamicsstatistical distributionsstochastic processes

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Explores the fundamental principles of entropy and its role in non-equilibrium systems.
  • Investigates the behavior of systems that are not in thermal equilibrium.

Discussion:

  • Examines the application of statistical mechanics to understand macroscopic properties from microscopic interactions.
  • Discusses the theoretical frameworks and computational methods used in analyzing complex systems.

Key Insights:

  • Presents novel research findings on entropy production and dissipation in various physical and chemical processes.
  • Highlights advancements in understanding irreversibility and emergent phenomena in non-equilibrium states.

Outlook:

  • Suggests future research directions in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical physics.
  • Identifies potential applications in fields such as materials science, biology, and information theory.