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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
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Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Differentiation and Characterization of Osteoclasts from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Differentiation and Characterization of Osteoclasts from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stepwise cell fate decision pathways during osteoclastogenesis at single-cell resolution.

Masayuki Tsukasaki1, Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh1, Kazuo Okamoto2

  • 1Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Nature Metabolism
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mapped osteoclast differentiation, identifying CD11c and Cited2 as key regulators. This discovery clarifies the molecular mechanisms controlling bone cell fate and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Osteoclasts are crucial for bone metabolism and pathological bone resorption.
  • Osteoclast differentiation is stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms governing osteoclast cell fate specification are not fully understood.

Discussion:

  • This study presents a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 7,228 murine cells during in vitro osteoclastogenesis.
  • It details the stepwise molecular events involved in the osteoclast fate decision process.
  • The findings reveal transient CD11c expression in osteoclast precursor cells.

Key Insights:

  • Deletion of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB in CD11c-expressing cells inhibits osteoclast formation.
  • Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 (Cited2) acts as a molecular switch for terminal osteoclast differentiation.
  • In vivo deletion of Cited2 in osteoclast precursors prevents commitment to the osteoclast fate.

Outlook:

  • This research provides a comprehensive molecular roadmap of osteoclast differentiation.
  • It refines and expands the understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving osteoclastogenesis.
  • Further investigation into Cited2's role could reveal therapeutic targets for bone diseases.