Carbon-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrids for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃ N₄ ) and various carbon materials have experienced a renaissance as viable alternates in photocatalysis due to their captivating metal-free features, favorable photoelectric properties, and economic adaptabilities. Although numerous efforts have focused on the integration of both materials with optimized photocatalytic performance in recent years, the direct parameters for this emerging enhancement are not fully summarized yet. Fully understanding the synergistic effects between g-C₃ N₄ and carbon materials on photocatalytic action is vital to further development of metal-free semiconductors in future studies. Here, recent advances of carbon/g-C₃ N₄ hybrids on various photocatalytic applications are reviewed. The dominant governing factors by inducing carbon into g-C₃ N₄ photocatalysts with involving photocatalytic mechanism are highlighted. Five typical carbon-induced enhancement effects are mainly discussed here, i.e., local electric modification, band structure tailoring, multiple charge carrier activation, chemical group functionalization, and abundant surface-modified engineering. Photocatalytic performance of carbon-induced g-C₃ N₄ photocatalysts for addressing directly both the renewable energy storage and environmental remediation is also summarized. Finally, perspectives and ongoing challenges encountered in the development of metal-free carbon-induced g-C₃ N₄ photocatalysts are presented.