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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

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Functionally specialized human CD4+ T-cell subsets express physicochemically distinct TCRs.

Sofya A Kasatskaya1,2, Kristin Ladell3, Evgeniy S Egorov2

  • 1Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Elife
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The T-cell receptor's (TCR) intrinsic properties influence CD4+ T cell lineage decisions. This study reveals conserved features in TCR repertoires, linking clonotype fate to TCR characteristics.

Keywords:
CDR3 propertiesTCR repertoirehelper CD4+ subsetshumanimmunologyinflammationplasticity of CD4+ subsets

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity relies on distinct CD4+ T cell subsets.
  • The influence of T-cell receptors (TCRs) on CD4+ T cell lineage choice remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how clonotypically expressed TCRs shape CD4+ T cell subset differentiation.
  • To profile TCR repertoires across human naive and effector/memory CD4+ T cell subsets.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput sequencing of αβ TCR repertoires.
  • Analysis of physicochemical and recombinatorial TCR features.
  • Clonal tracking to map T cell subset interconversions.

Main Results:

  • Subset-specific conserved features were identified in effector/memory CD4+ T cells.
  • Distinct transition pathways between T cell subsets were mapped.
  • Public TCR sequences and hardwired naive repertoire features were observed in regulatory T cells (Tregs).

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic TCR properties significantly influence CD4+ T cell fate decisions.
  • Repertoire portraits reveal links between clonotype behavior and TCR characteristics.
  • TCRs play a crucial role in maintaining the organizational integrity of the adaptive immune system.