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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration
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Orienting Movements: Brainstem Neurons at the Wheel.

Zane Mitrevica1, Andrew J Murray1

  • 1Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered specific brainstem neurons that link sensory input to motor behaviors. This finding advances our understanding of how the nervous system controls orienting movements.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • The nervous system requires adaptable motor output to navigate environmental changes.
  • Orienting movements are crucial for reacting to stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural circuits controlling orienting movements in mice.
  • To identify specific neuronal populations involved in sensory-motor transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced neuroanatomical tracing techniques in a mouse model.
  • Performed electrophysiological recordings to analyze neuronal activity.
  • Combined behavioral analysis of orienting movements with neural circuit mapping.

Main Results:

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  • Identified discrete neuronal groups within the brainstem.
  • Demonstrated that these neurons connect a sensory integrative region to motor control centers.
  • Showcased a direct link between sensory processing and specific motor behaviors.

    • Conclusions:

    • Specific brainstem neuronal populations play a key role in integrating sensory information for motor control.
    • These findings provide novel insights into the neural basis of orienting movements.
    • This research offers a foundation for understanding sensorimotor disorders.