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LAPKaans: Tool-Motion Tracking and Gripping Force-Sensing Modular Smart Laparoscopic Training System.

Luis H Olivas-Alanis1,2, Ricardo A Calzada-Briseño1, Victor Segura-Ibarra1,2,3

  • 1Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico.

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Summary

This study introduces a low-cost laparoscopic surgical simulator with objective motion and force feedback. The smart trainer effectively differentiates skill levels, offering valuable training for surgeons.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingforce sensorlaparoscopic surgerymotion trackingsurgery simulator

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Simulation
  • Medical Device Development
  • Robotics in Medicine

Background:

  • Laparoscopic surgery requires extensive training, traditionally through mentorship.
  • Current laparoscopic simulators often lack objective feedback or are prohibitively expensive.
  • Need for accessible, cost-effective tools for surgical skill acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a modular, low-cost laparoscopic smart trainer with objective motion and force feedback.
  • To assess the simulator's ability to differentiate between surgical skill levels (novice, intermediate, expert).
  • To present a force training system using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phantoms for stiffness differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a modular smart trainer integrating tool-tracking and force-sensing using commercial components.
  • Incorporation of a force training system with PDMS phantoms of varying stiffness.
  • Testing with 39 subjects (13 novices, 13 intermediates, 13 experts) on training exercises.
  • Validation of motion system accuracy (mean error 0.94 mm) and force sensing correlation (0.9975).

Main Results:

  • The prototype demonstrated significant differences in execution time, distance, and applied force among skill groups.
  • PDMS phantom stiffness effectively reflected user manipulation, indicating successful force feedback.
  • The system achieved high accuracy in motion tracking and force approximation.
  • Estimated component cost is approximately $200, making it a cost-effective solution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed laparoscopic simulator provides accurate motion and force feedback at a low cost.
  • The system successfully differentiates surgical skill levels, aiding in objective skill assessment.
  • The force-sensing tool is transferable to clinical settings, enhancing surgical training accessibility.