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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study
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Hyperscanning Alone Cannot Prove Causality. Multibrain Stimulation Can.

Giacomo Novembre1, Gian Domenico Iannetti1

  • 1Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|December 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interbrain synchrony, the coordination between two brains, may causally enhance social interaction. New multibrain stimulation techniques are needed to explore this connection beyond simple observation.

Keywords:
causalityhyperscanningjoint actionmultibrain stimulationsocial interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Social Cognition
  • Interpersonal Dynamics

Background:

  • Interbrain synchrony, the temporal coordination of neural activity between individuals, is linked to social bonding and interaction.
  • Current hyperscanning methods primarily observe neural synchrony during social tasks, limiting causal inference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether interbrain synchrony causally influences social interaction.
  • To address the limitations of observational hyperscanning by proposing causal experimental designs.

Main Methods:

  • Highlighting the necessity for simultaneous multibrain stimulation protocols.
  • Discussing the potential of novel experimental paradigms to establish causality.

Main Results:

  • Observational studies suggest a correlation between interbrain synchrony and social interaction.
  • Multibrain stimulation offers a pathway to determine the causal role of synchrony.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing a causal link between interbrain synchrony and social interaction requires active manipulation (stimulation).
  • The nascent field of multibrain stimulation holds promise for advancing our understanding of social neuroscience.