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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

7.2K
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
5.8K
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

10.7K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
10.7K
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

4.5K
The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
4.5K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.7K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
09:31

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

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More than a zip code: global modulation of cellular function by nuclear localization signals.

Chih-Chia Chang1, Kuo-Chiang Hsia1,2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

The FEBS Journal
|December 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) do more than just transport proteins into the nucleus. These signals also regulate higher-order structures, organelle dynamics, and cellular stress responses, revealing broader biological roles.

Keywords:
Golgi disassemblynuclear localization signalsnucleocytoplasmic transportprotein liquid-liquid phase separationspindle assemblyviral infection

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Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

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Modulation of Tau Subcellular Localization as a Tool to Investigate the Expression of Disease-related Genes
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Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleocytoplasmic transport is crucial for cellular function, involving factors like Importin-α/-β and the GTPase Ran.
  • Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) on cargo proteins are recognized by these transport factors.
  • Emerging evidence suggests NLSs have functions beyond mediating nuclear import.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding NLS functions beyond nuclear transport.
  • To explore NLS-mediated regulatory mechanisms at various biological levels.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into the diverse roles of NLSs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of structural and functional studies on nucleocytoplasmic transport and NLSs.
  • Analysis of NLS-mediated regulatory mechanisms across different biological scales.
  • Examination of the structural and biochemical properties of NLSs.

Main Results:

  • NLSs facilitate diverse cellular functions, including the assembly of higher-order structures.
  • NLSs play roles in cellular organelle dynamics.
  • NLSs modulate cellular stress responses and viral infections.

Conclusions:

  • NLSs possess multifaceted roles extending far beyond their canonical function in nuclear transport.
  • The structural and biochemical properties of NLSs underpin their diverse regulatory activities.
  • Understanding these broader functions is key to comprehending eukaryotic cellular regulation.