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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review.

Varsha D Badal1,2, Eleonora D Vaccariello1, Emily R Murray1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Nutrients
|December 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The aging gut microbiome shows increased diversity and altered composition, with specific bacteria like Akkermansia increasing and others decreasing. Older adults exhibit distinct metabolic functions, impacting health and disease susceptibility.

Keywords:
centenarianscognitionfunctional potentialhealthy agingimmunosenescenceinflammationmetabolitesmicrobes

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in age-associated changes, including immune dysregulation and disease susceptibility.
  • Age-related processes significantly influence gut microbiota composition and metabolic functions throughout the lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize current literature on aging-associated alterations in gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function.
  • To integrate findings on microbial composition, functional pathways, and metabolites to explain age-related processes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 27 empirical human studies on normal and successful aging.
  • Analysis of microbial taxa, functional pathways, and metabolite data across different age groups.

Main Results:

  • Older adults, especially the oldest-old, showed higher alpha diversity in microbial taxa, pathways, and metabolites compared to younger individuals.
  • Beta diversity differed significantly across developmental stages, distinguishing even the oldest-old from the young-old.
  • Consistent taxonomic shifts included increased Akkermansia and decreased Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae, and Lachnospiraceae; functional pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis were reduced, but oldest-old adults showed enhanced short-chain fatty acid production.

Conclusions:

  • Aging profoundly alters gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function, with distinct profiles observed in the oldest-old.
  • These microbial and metabolic shifts may contribute to age-related health changes and disease susceptibility.
  • While cross-sectional designs limit definitive interpretation, the integrated findings offer insights into the aging microbiome's role in health.