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Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The phylum Chlamydiae or Chlamydiota is composed of a single order, Chlamydiales. This phylum consists entirely of obligate intracellular parasites that infect eukaryotic hosts. While human pathogens within this group have been studied extensively, the phylum encompasses many species capable of interacting with various eukaryotic organisms. Members of Chlamydiae are typically small cocci, approximately 0.5 μm in diameter, and exhibit a distinctive developmental cycle. As is characteristic...
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Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia
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Perpetuation of Borreliae.

Sam R Telford Iii1, Heidi K Goethert1

  • 1Dept of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|December 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Borreliae bacteria primarily rely on ticks for survival, often needing vertebrate hosts for amplification. Understanding these tick-borne disease cycles is crucial for managing risks and distribution.

Area of Science:

  • * Ecology and Epidemiology
  • * Microbiology
  • * Vector-borne Diseases

Background:

  • * Borreliae are bacteria transmitted by ticks, with most species requiring vertebrate hosts for amplification.
  • * Enzootic cycles of Borreliae are globally distributed, with research often focused on zoonotic implications like Lyme disease.
  • * Current research perspectives on Borreliae synecology are heavily influenced by human risk assessment for borreliosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To identify major global themes governing the perpetuation of Borreliae.
  • * To summarize local variations in Borreliae perpetuation cycles.
  • * To outline factors influencing the distribution and abundance of Borreliae.

Main Methods:

  • * Comprehensive review of key scientific literature on Borreliae ecology.

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  • * Analysis of global and local themes in Borreliae perpetuation.
  • * Identification of factors affecting Borreliae distribution and abundance.

    • Main Results:

    • * Borreliae perpetuation is maintained through tick vectors, with varying reliance on vertebrate hosts.
    • * Enzootic cycles exhibit global patterns with significant local variations.
    • * Factors influencing Borreliae distribution and abundance are complex and multifaceted.

    Conclusions:

    • * Borrelial perpetuation mechanisms are not always directly correlated with human risk factors.
    • * A broader ecological perspective is needed to fully understand Borreliae distribution and abundance.
    • * Further research should focus on the synecology of Borreliae, independent of immediate human risk assessment.