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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Drug Concentrations: Measurements01:23

Drug Concentrations: Measurements

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Drug concentration is the quantity of a drug present in a biological sample. Measuring drug amounts in biological samples allows the clinician to understand how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Samples can be obtained through invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques involve surgical or parenteral interventions to gather blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue biopsy. Conversely, non-invasive approaches provide samples like urine, feces, and saliva.
Plasma...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

198
Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
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Urine: Physical and Chemical Properties01:18

Urine: Physical and Chemical Properties

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Urine comprises approximately 95% water and 5% solutes. The primary ingredient, apart from water, is urea - a byproduct of the breakdown of amino acids. Other notable components include uric acid, a residue from nucleic acid metabolism, and creatinine, a metabolite from creatine phosphate breakdown in skeletal muscle tissue.
The concentration of these solutes varies, with urea being the most abundant nitrogenous waste product. Other solutes include sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate,...
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Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing
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Urine Concentration Does Not Affect Biochemical Testing for Non-adherence.

A D Burns1, R Alghamadi1,2, A Iqbal1,3

  • 1Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology
|December 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urine concentration, measured by creatinine, does not impact the accuracy of detecting antihypertensive medications using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). This finding validates LC-MS-MS as a reliable method for assessing medication adherence in hypertension management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  • Medication non-adherence in hypertensive patients increases morbidity and mortality.
  • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) is the gold standard for objectively detecting medication non-adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of urine concentration on the detection of antihypertensive medications using LC-MS-MS.
  • To determine if urine creatinine levels influence the accuracy of adherence screening.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical adherence data for 22 antihypertensive medications from 463 subjects were analyzed.
  • Urine creatinine concentration was used as a marker for urine dilution.
  • Adherence scores were correlated with urine creatinine levels for each medication.

Main Results:

  • Non-adherence was observed in 47.1% of samples.
  • No significant differences in urine creatinine concentrations were found between detected and non-detected drug groups.
  • Adherence scores remained consistent across varying urine creatinine concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Urine creatinine concentration does not affect the detection of antihypertensive medications by LC-MS-MS.
  • LC-MS-MS is a robust and reliable method for assessing medication adherence, irrespective of urine dilution.