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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

847
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
847
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

10.7K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
10.7K
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

6.3K
Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
6.3K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

6.9K
The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
6.9K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

3.1K
Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
3.1K
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

3.2K
The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
3.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

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Isolable 1-Butene Copper(I) Complexes and 1-Butene/Butane Separation Using Structurally Adaptable Copper Pyrazolates.

Ahmed H Elashkar1, Devaborniny Parasar2, Alvaro Muñoz-Castro3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.

Chempluschem
|December 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Fluorinated copper(I) pyrazolates form rare complexes with 1-butene, demonstrating their potential for gas separation applications. These non-porous materials show promising adsorption capabilities for industrial processes.

Keywords:
adsorptionalkene ligandsbutenecopperseparation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Adsorption Science

Background:

  • Non-porous small molecule adsorbents are gaining traction for gas separations.
  • Fluorinated copper(I) pyrazolates exhibit unique properties for ethene-ethane separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction of fluorinated copper(I) pyrazolates with 1-butene.
  • To characterize the resulting 1-butene complexes of copper(I).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and isolation of copper(I)-1-butene complexes.
  • Structural, spectroscopic, and computational analysis.
  • Examination of adsorption in both solution and solid states.

Main Results:

  • Isolation of rare 1-butene complexes of copper(I), {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu(H2C=CHC2H5)}2 and {[4-Br-3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu(H2C=CHC2H5)}2.
  • Observation of olefin-induced structural transformation in solution.
  • Demonstration of 1-butene penetration and coordination in the solid state.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorinated copper(I) pyrazolates effectively coordinate with larger olefins like 1-butene.
  • These materials show potential for selective gas adsorption and separation applications.