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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

354

[Injuries of the biceps-labrum complex : Principles, pathologies and treatment concepts].

N Hawi1, P Habermeyer2, R Meller3

  • 1Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland. hawi.nael@mh-hannover.de.

Der Unfallchirurg
|December 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Biceps labrum complex injuries cause shoulder pain and dysfunction. Surgical treatments like tenodesis or tenotomy offer good outcomes, but bicipital tunnel issues require specific attention for pain resolution.

Keywords:
Rotator cuffSLAP lesionShoulder painTenodesisTenotomy

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Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The biceps-labrum complex is susceptible to injury and degeneration, leading to shoulder pain and functional impairment.
  • Pathologies can occur in three distinct zones: intra-articular, junctional, and the bicipital tunnel.
  • Accurate diagnosis of these pathologies can be challenging despite advanced imaging and physical examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical principles of the biceps-labrum complex.
  • To discuss pathological changes, diagnostic challenges, and treatment options for biceps-labrum complex injuries.
  • To evaluate surgical outcomes based on recent literature.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical structures and common pathologies of the biceps-labrum complex.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities including physical examination, imaging, and arthroscopy.
  • Analysis of surgical treatment strategies, including reconstruction, tenodesis, and tenotomy, and their outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Arthroscopy aids in diagnosing intra-articular and junctional pathologies but has limitations for bicipital tunnel issues.
  • Surgical interventions, including tenodesis and tenotomy, can achieve high patient satisfaction.
  • Addressing bicipital tunnel pathologies is crucial for persistent pain management.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of biceps-labrum complex pathologies are essential for optimal shoulder function.
  • Both tenodesis and tenotomy are effective surgical options for the long head of the biceps tendon.
  • Further attention to bicipital tunnel pathology management is warranted to resolve persistent pain.