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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
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How Retroactivity Affects the Behavior of Incoherent Feedforward Loops.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems biology
  • Gene regulatory networks
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Incoherent feedforward loops (IFFLs) are common network motifs.
  • IFFLs are known for accelerating responses and generating pulses.
  • The impact of high retroactivity on IFFL behavior is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of IFFLs under varying levels of retroactivity.
  • To compare IFFL responses to those of negative autoregulated circuits.
  • To explore the potential of retroactivity in synthetic biology design.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation of ordinary differential equation (ODE) models.
  • Comparison of IFFLs with varying degrees of retroactivity.
  • Analysis of network response time and pulse amplitude.

Main Results:

  • Increasing retroactivity in IFFLs can alter response time and pulse amplitude in complex ways (increase, decrease, or no change).
  • In contrast, increased retroactivity consistently slows down negative autoregulated circuits.
  • IFFLs demonstrate a unique adaptability to retroactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Retroactivity, often seen as a design challenge, can be leveraged to enhance IFFL performance.
  • The adaptable nature of IFFLs in handling retroactivity may contribute to their widespread occurrence in biological systems.
  • Findings suggest new avenues for designing robust synthetic gene circuits.