Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

3.0K
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
3.0K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.7K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.7K
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

35.3K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
35.3K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.1K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.1K
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

54.2K
Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
54.2K
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Porous Organic Polymers with Azo, Azoxy, and Azodioxy Linkages: Design, Synthesis, and CO<sub>2</sub> Adsorption Properties.

Polymers·2026
Same author

A molecule with half-Möbius topology.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Tuning Linkers in Azo-Linked Porphyrin-Based Porous Organic Polymers for Enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> Capture.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Correction: Molecular Aharonov-Bohm-type interferometers based on porphyrin nanorings.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Synthesis and Characterization of a π-Extended Clar's Goblet.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

Synthesis of triple stranded porphyrin nanobelts.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.4K

Isothermal and Isoconversional Modeling of Solid-State Nitroso Polymerization.

Petar Bibulić1, Igor Rončević2, Mario Špadina1,3

  • 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|December 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study models solid-state polymerization of aromatic dinitroso compounds. Kinetic analysis reveals that polymerization via bond-making is the dominant process, influenced by the local chemical environment.

More Related Videos

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.5K
Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.4K
Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.5K
Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Solid-State Reactions

Background:

  • Solid-state polymerization offers unique pathways for material synthesis.
  • Understanding the kinetics of these reactions is crucial for controlling polymer properties.
  • Aromatic dinitroso compounds serve as model precursors for studying polymerization mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the solid-state formation of azodioxide polymers.
  • To investigate the influence of different spacer groups on polymerization kinetics.
  • To compare the effectiveness of bulk-based, mechanistic, and isoconversional kinetic methods.

Main Methods:

  • In situ generation of dinitroso species from azodioxides via UV cleavage under cryogenic conditions.
  • Monitoring thermal conversion to azodioxides using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
  • Application of bulk-based, mechanistic, and isoconversional kinetic models to analyze reaction data.

Main Results:

  • Kinetic analysis revealed a distribution of activation energies, indicating a significant topochemical effect of the local environment on reactivity.
  • All three kinetic approaches yielded mutually consistent rate parameters, despite varying fit qualities.
  • Similar activation energies and entropies were observed across all methods, supporting a unified description of the polymerization process.

Conclusions:

  • The solid-state polymerization of aromatic dinitroso compounds is primarily driven by bond-making processes.
  • The local molecular environment significantly impacts the polymerization kinetics and reactivity.
  • The employed kinetic methods, while differing in fit, consistently describe the fundamental polymerization phenomena.