Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

3.9K
The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
3.9K
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

4.0K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
4.0K
Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

3.9K
The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
3.9K
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

2.6K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
2.6K
Naming Skeletal Muscles01:19

Naming Skeletal Muscles

3.5K
The naming of the approximately 700 muscles in the human body is based on a set of criteria designed to provide descriptive information about each muscle, making it easier to identify and remember them.
The key factors used in naming muscles include:
3.5K
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

4.7K
The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Outcomes of Supplementation With β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine During Carbon-ion Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: A Prospective Exploratory Study.

In vivo (Athens, Greece)·2026
Same author

Metal artifact reduction in maxillofacial bone imaging with dental restorations: efficacy of the MRI pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition sequence versus CT.

Radiological physics and technology·2026
Same author

Treatment strategy for cervical lymph node metastases in patients with lower gingival carcinoma undergoing mandibular marginal resection.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery·2026
Same author

<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/CT findings of a rare adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma in the anterior mandible: case-based review.

Oral radiology·2026
Same author

Factors requiring adaptive re-planning in carbon ion radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Efficacy of xeno-free induced mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in enhancing autologous fat graft survival.

Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
07:11

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants

Published on: May 23, 2020

7.7K

Elongated Styloid Process With Skeletal Mandibular Protrusion.

Takahiro Shimizu1, Satoshi Yokoo, Yu Takayama

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Japan.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|December 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Elongated styloid process (ESP) can cause pain and discomfort. Simultaneous resection of ESP and mandibular setback surgery effectively treated a patient with ESP and mandibular protrusion, improving symptoms and appearance.

More Related Videos

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle
08:07

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

8.6K
A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
10:42

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
07:11

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants

Published on: May 23, 2020

7.7K
A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle
08:07

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

8.6K
A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
10:42

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Elongated styloid process (ESP) can cause Eagle syndrome symptoms like pharyngeal pain.
  • Surgical resection is the primary treatment for symptomatic ESP.
  • Skeletal mandibular protrusion often requires orthognathic surgery, such as sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy (SSRO).

Observation:

  • A 50-year-old male presented with mandibular protrusion and left pharyngeal pain during swallowing and mouth opening.
  • Diagnostic imaging revealed an approximately 42-mm elongated left styloid process and skeletal mandibular protrusion.
  • SSRO for mandibular setback could potentially worsen ESP symptoms.

Findings:

  • Simultaneous surgical resection of the left ESP via a cervical approach and bilateral SSRO was performed.
  • The patient experienced significant improvement in occlusion, facial aesthetics, and preoperative ESP-related symptoms post-surgery.
  • The cervical incision resulted in satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.

Implications:

  • Simultaneous ESP resection and orthognathic surgery are recommended for patients with coexisting ESP and mandibular protrusion.
  • This combined approach prevents symptom exacerbation from mandibular setback in ESP patients.
  • Addresses both functional and aesthetic concerns in complex craniofacial cases.