Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Detection of Residual Donor Erythroid Progenitor Cells after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Hemoglobinopathies
Published on: September 6, 2017
[Characterization of a pair of twins as blood group chimeras]
Yuli Zhu1, Wenhui Ma, Haiyan Wang
1Qingdao Blood Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China. qd_hla@163.com.
Objective:
To delineate the blood group for a pair of twins with inconclusive ABO blood typing result.
Methods:
Serological test for blood group was carried out by using ABO and Rh Blood Grouping Cards (Microcolumn Gel Immunoassay). Sequence specific primer-PCR (PCR-SSP), direct sequencing and TA clone sequencing were used to analyze the ABO gene. Genetic status was analyzed by using 16 short tandem repeat (STR) markers.
Results:
Red blood cells of the twins displayed 2+ mixed agglutination phenomenon with anti-A, anti-A1 and anti-E. PCR-SSP and DNA sequencing of exons 6 to 7 revealed that they have an ABO*O.01.01/ABO*O.01.02 genotype. DNA sequencing of microsatellite enhancer region revealed presence of A gene. STR analysis revealed more than two haplotypes for 9 loci between the twins. After clustered by anti-A, the red blood cells were divided into two groups: A, CcDEe and O, CcDee, respectively.
Conclusion:
Serological and molecular techniques have characterized the twins as blood group chimeras.
Related Concept Videos
Blood Types
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...
Blood Typing
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target...
Multiple Allele Traits
The ABO Blood Group
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Blood Transfusion
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...

