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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Subtle olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in children.

Ana Concheiro-Guisan1, Antía Fiel-Ozores1, Reyes Novoa-Carballal1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Alvaro Cunqueiro University Hospital, Vigo, Spain.

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|December 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection in children can cause olfactory dysfunction, particularly in older children. A new odor identification test revealed subtle smell recognition issues in infected children, with males showing greater disturbances.

Keywords:
AnosmiaCOVID-19ChildrenHyposomiaOdor testSARS-CoV-2 virus

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a recognized symptom of COVID-19 in adults, often presenting early and sometimes as the sole manifestation.
  • Limited research exists on olfactory dysfunction in pediatric COVID-19 cases, highlighting a gap in understanding this symptom in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in children diagnosed with COVID-19.
  • To evaluate the utility of a self-reported questionnaire and a novel odor identification test for screening pediatric olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study involving pediatric patients tested for COVID-19 via RT-PCR and antibody testing.
  • Participants completed a questionnaire on olfactory dysfunction symptoms; those over six years old underwent a seven-odorant identification test (Kradeo®).

Main Results:

  • Out of 126 patients, 33 had COVID-19. Questionnaire data showed 15% of infected children (older than 11) reported anosmia/dysgeusia.
  • The odor test (69 patients) revealed impaired odor recognition in infected children (median 3 vs. 4 odors correct).
  • Male patients exhibited significantly greater olfactory disturbances than females (p=0.03).

Conclusions:

  • The self-reported prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in infected children is lower than in adults, potentially due to immature ACE2 receptor development in younger children.
  • Subtle olfactory disturbances, specifically odor misrecognition, were detected in infected children one month post-infection.
  • The Kradeo® odor test is a viable, hygienic, and user-friendly tool for screening olfactory dysfunction in children over six years old.