In vitro cytotoxicity of co-exposure to superparamagnetic iron oxide and solid lipid nanoparticles

Increased production and use of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) in the last decades has led to increased environmental release of these NPs with potential detrimental effects on both the environment and public health. Information is scarce in the literature on the cytotoxic effect of co-exposure to many NPs as this concern is relatively recent. Thus, in this study, we hypothesized scenarios of cell's co-exposure to two kinds of NPs, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), to assess the potential cytotoxicity of exposure to NPs combination. Cytotoxicity of SPIONs, SLNs, and their 1:1 mixture (MIX) in six tumor and six non-tumor cell lines was investigated. The mechanisms underlining the induced cytotoxicity were studied through cell cycle analysis, detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). Double staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide was also used to confirm cell morphology alterations. The results showed that SPIONs induced low cytotoxicity compared to SLNs. However, the mixture of SPIONs and SLNs showed synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects based on distinct tests such as viability assay, ROS generation, ΔΨM, and DNA damage, depending on the cell line. Apoptosis triggered by ROS and disturbances in ΔΨM are the most probable related mechanisms of action. As was postulated, there is possible cytotoxic interaction between the two kinds of NPs.