Surface electromyography of forearm and shoulder muscles during violin playing

The aims of this study were to explore muscle activity levels during different violin repertoires, quantify the general levels bilaterally in upper extremity muscles, and evaluate associations between muscle activity and anthropometrics characteristics. In 18 skilled violin players surface EMG was recorded bilaterally from trapezius (UT), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), extensor digitorum cummunis (EDC), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) during A and E major scales played in three octaves and Mozart's Violin Concerto no. 5. To compare side differences the static, median and peak levels of muscle activity were calculated from an amplitude probability distribution function (APDF). This study demonstrated that scales played as standardized tasks can be used to estimate the average muscle activity during violin playing. Comparing results from scales and the music piece revealed a similar muscle activity across all muscles in the music piece and E major scales. The static, median and peak EMG levels were higher in left than in right forearm muscles with left ECU presenting the highest peak load of 30 %MVE. Females demonstrated a higher muscle activity than males, but this was in accordance with differences in anthropometric measures.