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Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency
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Are Vertebrates Still Needed in Routine Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing for Oil and Gas Discharges?

Sarah A Hughes1, Erin M Maloney1, Adriana C Bejarano1

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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|December 14, 2020
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Invertebrates are as sensitive or more sensitive than fish for whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing. This finding supports reducing vertebrate use in regulatory compliance monitoring.

Keywords:
Aquatic toxicologyIndustrial effluentsOil and gasSpecies sensitivityWhole effluent toxicity testing

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing is standard for monitoring effluent discharges and regulatory compliance in North America.
  • Ethical concerns regarding the use of fish in WET testing necessitate exploring alternatives like invertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the sensitivity of invertebrates and vertebrates (fish) in paired samples for WET testing.
  • To evaluate trends in WET compliance over time using historical data.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2581 WET test endpoints from 20 oil and gas facilities in Canada and the US (2003-2019).
  • Comparison of no-observed-effect concentrations for survival and growth between fish and invertebrate species.

Main Results:

  • Invertebrates demonstrated equal or greater sensitivity to effluents compared to fish across various endpoints.
  • Americamysis bahia proved protective of Menidia beryllina in 90% of comparisons based on survival and growth.
  • Regulatory compliance rates were high (94-100%), with most tests exceeding criteria significantly.

Conclusions:

  • Invertebrate testing can effectively replace or reduce the need for fish in routine WET testing.
  • Findings can inform improvements in WET testing requirements for regulatory permits.
  • The study provides robust data to address the necessity of fish in current WET testing protocols.