Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

60.1K
Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
60.1K
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

6.3K
Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
6.3K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

6.9K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
6.9K
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

7.3K
Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
7.3K
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

42.8K
Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
42.8K
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

5.6K
Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-term cultural continuity across the Neanderthal-modern human sequence at Üçağızlı II Cave, northern Levant.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Unravelling eutherian and metatherian divergence through dental evolution.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Deep origins, distinct adaptations, and species-level status indicated for a glacial relict seal.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Comparison of Low-Brilliance X-Ray Phase-Contrast Tomography and Contrast-Enhanced Attenuation-Contrast Micro-Computed Tomography of Rat Kidneys.

Kidney360·2024
Same author

Shaft structure of the first metatarsal contains a strong phylogenetic signal in apes and humans.

American journal of biological anthropology·2024
Same author

Mesenchyme instructs growth while epithelium directs branching in the mouse mammary gland.

eLife·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps
09:30

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.8K

Mapping molar shapes on signaling pathways.

Wataru Morita1, Naoki Morimoto2, Jukka Jernvall3

  • 1Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Plos Computational Biology
|December 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding how genetic mutations cause evolutionary changes in teeth is key. Mouse models reveal that natural tooth diversity in Murinae species encompasses variations seen in mutants, but some evolutionary traits remain unexplained by current models.

More Related Videos

Pharmacophore Modeling for Targets with Extensive Ligand Libraries: A Case Study on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
05:50

Pharmacophore Modeling for Targets with Extensive Ligand Libraries: A Case Study on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro

Published on: September 26, 2025

853
A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

18.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps
09:30

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.8K
Pharmacophore Modeling for Targets with Extensive Ligand Libraries: A Case Study on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
05:50

Pharmacophore Modeling for Targets with Extensive Ligand Libraries: A Case Study on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro

Published on: September 26, 2025

853
A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

18.2K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Vertebrate paleontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution is a central challenge.
  • Teeth provide an excellent model for studying genotype-phenotype relationships due to their presence across vertebrates.
  • The link between developmental signaling pathways and molar crown shape is complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between genetic mutations, developmental pathways, and molar shape variation in mice.
  • To compare the phenotypic variation in genetically modified mice with the natural diversity found in wild Murinae species.
  • To identify potential gaps in understanding the developmental factors driving evolutionary radiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel morphometric method to analyze 3D surface models of lower first molars.
  • Applied machine learning for classification of 22 genetically modified mouse mutants.
  • Incorporated phylogenetic signal analysis for 31 Murinae species.

Main Results:

  • Molar shape variation in mutants is primarily driven by cusp number and distribution.
  • Mutant mouse variation overlaps with naturally occurring diversity in Murinae, including ancestral and derived forms.
  • Transverse loph morphologies in Murinae are not fully represented by the variation observed in the studied mutants.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between signaling pathways and molar shape is nonlinear.
  • Mutant mouse models partially explain natural tooth diversity, but do not encompass all evolutionary variation.
  • Experimentally unexplored developmental factors may underlie the evolutionary radiation of Murinae, particularly traits like transverse lophs.