Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

754
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
754
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

2.8K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
2.8K
Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

4.1K
Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic...
4.1K
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.0K
Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
1.0K
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

935
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
935
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

1.2K
Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Screw-Lock: A Novel Technique to Secure Burr Hole Base Ring in DBS Surgery.

Surgical innovation·2026
Same author

Combined endoscopic endonasal and trans-oral approach for excision of lower clival chordoma and stabilization.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia·2025
Same author

Encouraging Experience with Image-Guided Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy in Craniopharyngioma-First Case Series From India.

World neurosurgery·2024
Same author

Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Perception of Paresthesia during Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for Parkinson's Disease.

Neurology India·2023
Same author

A Case Report of Siblings with Dystonia: A Potential Link Between DYT11 Mutation and Platelet Dysfunction.

Neurology India·2022
Same author

Neuroendoscopy in the Surgical Management of Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors: Looking Beyond Microneurosurgery.

Neurology India·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

19.2K

Microsurgery and Neuromodulation for Facial Spasms.

Aniruddha A Bhagwat1, Milind Deogaonkar2, Chandrashekhar E Deopujari1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Neurology India
|December 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) involves unilateral facial muscle contractions. Microvascular decompression surgery is the most successful treatment for HFS, while other facial spasms may require neuromodulation.

Keywords:
Blepharospasmhemifacial spasmmicrovascular decompressionneuromodulationoro-mandibular dystonia

More Related Videos

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

106.2K
Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
05:04

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

Published on: May 5, 2020

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

19.2K
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

106.2K
Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
05:04

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

Published on: May 5, 2020

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Facial spasms encompass various conditions, with Hemifacial spasm (HFS) being a prominent type.
  • HFS presents as unilateral tonic-clonic facial muscle contractions with a predictable progression.
  • Distinct clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological features define HFS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive literature review on facial spasms.
  • To detail the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for facial spasms.
  • To specifically focus on the management of Hemifacial spasm (HFS).

Main Methods:

  • Extensive review of existing scientific literature on facial spasms.
  • Analysis of studies pertaining to etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management.
  • Synthesis of information regarding pharmacotherapy, botulinum toxin, microvascular decompression, and neuromodulation.

Main Results:

  • Primary Hemifacial spasm (HFS) treatment options include pharmacotherapy, botulinum toxin injections, and microvascular decompression surgery.
  • Microvascular decompression surgery demonstrates the highest success rate for HFS, potentially reversing pathological changes.
  • Other forms of facial spasms are challenging to treat, with neuromodulation emerging as a potential therapeutic avenue.

Conclusions:

  • Microvascular decompression is the most effective treatment for Hemifacial spasm (HFS).
  • Management of diverse facial spasm types requires tailored approaches.
  • Further research into neuromodulation for refractory facial spasms is warranted.