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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

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Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases.

Parasuraman Padmanabhan1, Mathangi Palanivel1, Ajay Kumar2,3

  • 1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 636921.

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
|December 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Nanoparticles offer a promising solution for delivering therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseParkinson's diseaseblood-brain-barrierdrug deliverynanoparticlesneurodegeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD), significantly impact aging populations globally, causing severe quality-of-life impairments and economic burdens.
  • Current therapeutic strategies for NDDs face challenges, particularly in delivering drugs effectively across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages of functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) as theranostic agents for NDD diagnosis and therapy.
  • To summarize studies on NP applications for treating NDDs, focusing on AD and PD.
  • To discuss current challenges and future perspectives for NP-based theranostics in NDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the efficacy of various NPs in preclinical models of AD and PD.
  • Examination of NP functionalization strategies for targeting the BBB and brain cells.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems show promise for overcoming BBB limitations in NDD treatment.
  • Functionalized NPs can be designed for targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutics to brain tissues.
  • Preclinical studies demonstrate the biological efficacy of NPs in NDD models, including AD and PD.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized nanoparticles represent a significant advancement in theranostic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Targeted NP delivery systems offer potential for improved diagnosis and treatment of conditions like AD and PD.
  • Further research is needed to address existing challenges and optimize NP-based theranostics for clinical application in NDDs.