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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Cytoplasm01:24

Cytoplasm

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
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The cytoplasm is the location for several cellular processes, including protein synthesis and folding. The aqueous nature of the cytosol promotes protein folding such that the hydrophobic amino acid side chains are buried in the protein...
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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Cytoplasm's Got Moves.

Shayan Shamipour1, Silvia Caballero-Mancebo1, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg1

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Developmental Cell
|December 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cytoplasmic reorganization is crucial for cell functions. This review explores how the cytoskeleton drives large-scale cytoplasmic changes in cells, particularly in large cells like oocytes.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Background:

  • The cytoplasm is a crowded, heterogeneous environment where molecular diffusion is restricted.
  • Despite microscopic crowding, large-scale cytoplasmic reorganization is vital for cellular processes like division and polarization.
  • Understanding mesoscale cytoplasmic reorganization in large cells remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding how the cytoskeleton drives cytoplasmic reorganization.
  • To elucidate the molecular, cellular, and biophysical mechanisms involved.
  • To cover reorganization across different scales, structures, and species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of molecular, cellular, and biophysical mechanisms.

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  • Focus on cytoskeletal roles in cytoplasmic reorganization.

    • Main Results:

    • The cytoskeleton plays a key role in driving mesoscale cytoplasmic reorganization.
    • Mechanisms involve molecular, cellular, and biophysical interactions.
    • Reorganization is essential for cellular functions, especially in large cells.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent advances highlight the cytoskeleton's critical role in cytoplasmic reorganization.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand these complex mechanisms.
    • This understanding is crucial for comprehending cellular functions in diverse species.