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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation in childhood: a staged management strategy incorporating manipulation under anaesthesia.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2020
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Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Non-Contact Measurement of Tissue Mechanics in Live Chick Embryos Using Brillouin Microscopy
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Gastrulation : Current Concepts and Implications for Spinal Malformations.

Dominic Nolan Paul Thompson1

  • 1Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
|December 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastrulation is crucial for embryonic development, impacting neuraxis and overall organization. Current research shifts from descriptive to mechanistic understanding, but translating findings to human congenital anomalies remains challenging.

Keywords:
GastrulationNeurulationNotochordPrimitive streakSpinal dysraphism

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Embryology
  • Molecular Genetics

Background:

  • Gastrulation is fundamental to early embryonic development, influencing neuraxis and organismal organization.
  • Historically, understanding gastrulation relied on histological analysis of animal models and rare human specimens.
  • This led to models used in pediatric neurosurgery to explain congenital anomalies of the caudal spinal cord and vertebrae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a pediatric neurosurgeon's perspective on current gastrulation concepts.
  • To critically review hypotheses linking gastrulation to human malformations.
  • To highlight the gap between understanding normal gastrulation and human congenital anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent literature on gastrulation.
  • Analysis of advances in cellular biology and molecular genetics.
  • Synthesis of embryological concepts with clinical observations in pediatric neurosurgery.

Main Results:

  • Gastrulation's importance in embryonic patterning is well-established.
  • Recent advances have shifted focus to mechanistic and functional aspects of gastrulation.
  • Translating non-human model findings to human malformations like spinal dysraphisms is difficult.

Conclusions:

  • A mechanistic understanding of gastrulation has evolved significantly.
  • Current knowledge, primarily from non-human models, has limitations in explaining human congenital anomalies.
  • Further research is needed to bridge the gap between developmental biology insights and clinical pediatric neurosurgery.