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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
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Extracellular Vesicles in CNS Developmental Disorders.

Ana Rita Gomes1,2,3,4, Nasim Bahram Sangani3,4, Tiago G Fernandes1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate communication in the central nervous system (CNS), influencing neurodevelopment. This review explores their role in neurodevelopmental disorders and potential as biomarkers and therapeutics.

Keywords:
CNSastrocytesexosomesextracellular vesiclesgliamicrovesiclesneurodevelopmental disordersneurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The central nervous system (CNS) comprises diverse cells with complex interactions crucial for development.
  • Intercellular communication in the CNS is vital for neuronal circuit formation and function.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, are recognized mediators of this communication, carrying diverse molecular cargo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted role of EVs in CNS development.
  • To discuss the involvement of EVs in both physiological and pathological neurodevelopment.
  • To explore the potential of EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic agents for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating extracellular vesicles in the central nervous system.
  • Analysis of the molecular cargo of EVs and their impact on recipient cells.
  • Examination of the role of EVs in neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination.

Main Results:

  • EVs contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that modulate gene and protein expression in recipient cells.
  • EVs are implicated in critical developmental processes including neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and myelination.
  • Evidence supports the significant role of neural and non-neural EVs in both normal and disordered neurodevelopment.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles are key players in intercellular communication within the CNS, significantly impacting neurodevelopment.
  • Dysregulation of EV function is linked to various neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • EVs hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers and innovative therapeutic strategies for CNS conditions.