Hybrid System of Flocculation-Photocatalysis for the Decolorization of Crystal Violet, Reactive Red X-3B, and Acid...

A hybrid system of flocculation-photocatalysis (HSFP) was applied to evaluate the color removal from simulative dye wastewater. The decolorization performance of HSFP was investigated considering four key factors: flocculant dosage, pH, turbidity, and ionic strength. Compared with flocculation alone, HSFP showed better decolorization effectiveness for simulative Crystal Violet-Reactive Red X-3B dye wastewater (CV-RR) and simulative Crystal Violet-Acid Orange II dye wastewater (CV-AO). The dosage of flocculant was determined by the molecular structure of target dyes. A higher dosage was required for the color removal of dyes with a lower molecular weight and less sulfonic acid groups. The dominant decolorization mechanism was different with different initial pH values of simulative dye wastewater, which influenced the decolorization efficiency of flocculation and photocatalysis. For dyes with a lower molecular weight and less sulfonic acid groups, better decolorization performance was achieved under neutral conditions, mainly depending on strong charge neutralization and adsorption bridging capacity. For dyes with a higher molecular weight and more sulfonic acid groups, decolorization efficiency was improved with an increase in pH, due to stronger deprotonation. An increase of turbidity reduced the dye removal efficiency of flocculation alone and HSFP. The presence of NaCl, CuCl₂, and CrCl₃ led to a different decrease in the flocculation efficiency and photodegradation efficiency.