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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

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Phase-only modulation of light.

Vladimir V Kesaev, Alexei D Kiselev

    Optics Letters
    |December 16, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study presents a method for polarization-insensitive phase-only modulation, preserving light

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Polarization-insensitive modulation is crucial for optical systems.
    • Controlling birefringence in materials is key to light modulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for polarization-insensitive phase-only modulation.
    • To preserve the state and degree of polarization during modulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a medium with controlled birefringence.
    • Employing a double-pass configuration with a Faraday rotator mirror.
    • Experimental validation using a Michelson interferometer and deformed-helix ferroelectric liquid crystal cells.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a phase-only modulator using the described setup.

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  • Achieved high-frequency (4 kHz) 2π phase-only light modulation.
  • Successfully governed modulation by average phase shift and addressed optical axes switching.

    • Conclusions:

    • The proposed method effectively achieves polarization-insensitive phase-only modulation.
    • The technique preserves both the state and degree of polarization.
    • Validated through experiments with ferroelectric liquid crystal cells at high modulation rates.