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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

495
Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
495

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Migraine.

Benzion Blech1, Amaal J Starling2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA. blech.benzion@mayo.edu.

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|December 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noninvasive neuromodulation devices offer a promising, low-side-effect treatment for migraine. This review summarizes current options like sTMS, nVNS, and eTNS, highlighting the need for further research.

Keywords:
MigraineNeurostimulationNoninvasiveeTNSnVNSsTMS

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Migraine is a prevalent primary headache disorder.
  • Noninvasive neuromodulation has emerged as a therapeutic option for migraine treatment over the past two decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a narrative review of current noninvasive neuromodulation devices for migraine treatment.
  • To summarize the available evidence, tolerability, and access issues for these devices.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of noninvasive neuromodulation devices for migraine.
  • Analysis of FDA-cleared and marketed devices.

Main Results:

  • Several noninvasive neuromodulation devices are available, including single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS), noninvasive vagal nerve stimulators (nVNS), and external trigeminal nerve stimulators (eTNS).
  • Emerging technologies include peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) and caloric stimulation.
  • These devices show potential benefits for migraine patients with minimal side effects, though evidence varies.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive neuromodulation devices represent a valuable addition to migraine management.
  • Continued rigorous research into the efficacy and safety of these evolving technologies is crucial.