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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
The pressure method,...
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Segregation in Fresh Concrete01:16

Segregation in Fresh Concrete

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Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
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Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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A Three-Dimensional Random Walk Algorithm for Estimating the Chloride Diffusivity of Concrete.

Hua Rong1, Cong-Yan Zhang2, Jian-Jun Zheng3

  • 1Research Department of Science and Technology, Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, Metallurgical Group Corporation of China, Beijing 100088, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a random walk algorithm (RWA) to estimate concrete

Keywords:
EAMRWAchloride diffusivityconcretespherical aggregate

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Durability of Structures

Background:

  • Chloride diffusivity is critical for the long-term durability of coastal concrete structures.
  • Accurate assessment of chloride ingress is essential for infrastructure resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a three-dimensional random walk algorithm (RWA) for estimating concrete chloride diffusivity.
  • To develop an equivalent aggregate model (EAM) for simplified concrete representation.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of equivalent interfacial transition zone (ITZ) thickness based on aggregate size distribution.
  • Construction of EAM by combining aggregates with their surrounding ITZ.
  • Application of RWA to a two-phase concrete model (aggregate and matrix) using EAM.

Main Results:

  • Equivalent ITZ thickness is inversely related to practical ITZ thickness and aggregate volume fraction.
  • Aggregate gradation moderately affects equivalent ITZ thickness.
  • Relative chloride diffusivity shows direct proportionality to equivalent ITZ thickness and inverse proportionality to aggregate radius.
  • EAM significantly reduces computational time.
  • RWA results stabilize with increased mean square displacement and Brownian particle count.

Conclusions:

  • The RWA with EAM provides a computationally efficient method for estimating concrete chloride diffusivity.
  • The developed model offers a validated approach for assessing concrete durability in marine environments.
  • Preliminary validation against experimental data supports the reliability of the RWA.