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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Factors that determine variation in ambulance utilisation.

John Martin1

  • 1College of Paramedics.

British Paramedic Journal
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Socio-demographic factors significantly influence ambulance utilization, with age and socioeconomic status being key drivers. General health and access to services also moderate this behavior, impacting emergency service demand.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Understanding population behavior in utilizing emergency medical services is crucial for resource allocation and service planning.
  • Ambulance utilization is influenced by a complex interplay of demographic, health, and social factors.
  • Existing models of ambulance utilization behavior require further development to account for diverse population characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the socio-demographic factors determining variations in ambulance service utilization.
  • To examine the moderating effects of general health, self-efficacy, social support, and access to services on ambulance utilization.
  • To refine the theoretical model of ambulance utilization behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset (769,376 emergency calls) from a single ambulance service over one year.

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  • Matching ambulance call data with census socio-demographic information at the Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) level.
  • Utilized correlation analysis, geographical mapping, and moderated multiple-regression analysis on big data.

    • Main Results:

    • Socio-demographic factors explained 24.69% of the variation in ambulance utilization (adjusted R² = 0.2469).
    • Higher utilization was associated with older age groups (85-90, 90+), specific ethnicities (Mixed, Black), and higher socioeconomic status (SES group 8).
    • General health status and access to services significantly moderated ambulance utilization, while self-efficacy and social support networks did not.

    Conclusions:

    • Socio-demographic characteristics are significant predictors of ambulance utilization, accounting for approximately 25% of the variation.
    • General health status and access to services play a moderating role in how populations utilize ambulance services.
    • Findings suggest targeted policy interventions for high-utilization population groups and further theoretical model development for ambulance use.