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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
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Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

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[Hearing without ears].

Radboud W Koot1, Johan H M Frijns2, Peter-Paul B M Boermans2

  • 1Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, afd. Neurochirurgie, Leiden.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

An Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) offers useful hearing for individuals with severe hearing loss. This safe procedure is managed by expert teams in specialized centers for optimal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Auditory Brainstem Implants (ABI) address severe hearing loss when cochlear implants are unsuitable.
  • Indications include neurofibromatosis type 2, congenital malformations, cochlear trauma, or ossification post-meningitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) technique.
  • To outline patient eligibility and the multidisciplinary approach for successful outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • The ABI system comprises external components (microphone, speech processor) and internal components (coil, electrode) on the brainstem.
  • Surgical placement involves an electrode array on the brainstem within the skull.

Main Results:

  • Auditory Brainstem Implants (ABI) can restore a sense of hearing in eligible patients.
  • The procedure is demonstrated to be safe, with no reported serious complications.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory Brainstem Implantation (ABI) is a viable option for specific cases of profound hearing loss.
  • Centralizing care within specialized centers enhances patient outcomes and surgical success.