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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine
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Antimalarial application of quinones: A recent update.

Om P S Patel1, Richard M Beteck1, Lesetja J Legoabe1

  • 1Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes quinone-based antimalarial compounds discovered between 2009 and 2020. It highlights promising new drug candidates for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, including resistant strains.

Keywords:
AnthraquinonesMalariaNaphtho-/benzo-quinonesNatural and semi-synthetic quinonesQuinone hybridsThiazinoquinones

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Parasitology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Atovaquone, a naphthoquinone drug, is used with proguanil to treat malaria.
  • Quinone derivatives show significant potential for antimalarial drug discovery.
  • Various synthetic and semi-synthetic quinones have been investigated for antimalarial activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and review quinone-based antimalarial compounds discovered from 2009 to 2020.
  • To provide a chronological overview of recent advancements in quinone antimalarial research.
  • To guide the development of novel quinone-derived antimalarials with improved efficacy and safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey of quinone-based antimalarial compounds.
  • Focus on discoveries reported between 2009 and 2020.
  • Chronological compilation and summarization of findings.

Main Results:

  • Numerous quinone derivatives, including naphthoquinones, benzoquinones, anthraquinones, and thiazinoquinones, have been explored.
  • Both in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of these compounds have been evaluated.
  • Recent research has focused on synthetic quinones and quinone-based hybrids.

Conclusions:

  • The review provides a comprehensive summary of recent quinone-based antimalarial drug discovery.
  • This compilation can facilitate the identification of novel antimalarial agents.
  • Future research may lead to more effective and safer treatments for malaria.