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Updated: Nov 25, 2025
Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
Published on: October 17, 2018
Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function and disease risk in middle-aged ultra-endurance
Nate P Bachman1, Janée D Terwoord1, Jennifer C Richards1
1Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
Background And Aims:
Recent studies suggest that long-term endurance training may be damaging to the heart, thus increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, studies utilizing cardiac imaging are conflicting and lack measures of central and peripheral vascular structure and function, which are also independently predictive of CVD events.
Methods:
We performed a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function in long-term (≥ 10 years) ultra-endurance athletes (ATH, 14 M/11 F, 50 ± 1 y) and physically active controls (CON, 9 M/9 F, 49 ± 2 y).
Results:
As expected, left ventricular mass and end-diastolic volume (echocardiography) were greater in ATH vs CON, whereas there was no difference in cardiac function at rest. Coronary artery calcium scores (computed tomography) were not statistically different between groups. There was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis (contrast magnetic resonance imaging) in any subject. Aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) was lower in ATH vs CON (6.2 ± 0.2 vs 6.9 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.05), whereas carotid intima-media thickness (ultrasound) was not different between groups. Peripheral vascular endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery) and microvascular function (peak blood velocity) in response to 5 min of forearm ischemia were not different between groups. Furthermore, there was no difference in 10-year coronary heart disease risk (ATH; 2.3 ± 0.5 vs CON; 1.6 ± 0.2%, p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
Our data indicate that middle-aged ultra-endurance ATH do not have marked signs of widespread cardiovascular dysfunction or elevated CHD risk compared to CON meeting physical activity guidelines.
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