Strategies for the development of amperometric enzyme electrodes

There are now a number of distinct strategies which can be employed to make amperometric enzyme electrodes. These include the use of homogeneous mediators, modified electrodes and organic conducting salts. In this paper we review these strategies and discuss their application to NAD(P)H dependent dehydrogenase and flavoprotein based biosensors. In addition we discuss recent work on the immobilisation of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole, poly-N-methylpyrrole, polyaniline and polyphenol films electrochemically grown at the electrode surface and on the covalent attachment of redox mediators to glucose oxidase in order to achieve direct electron transfer to the electrode.