Electropolymerized Receptor Coatings for the Quantitative Detection of Histamine with a Catheter-Based, Diagnostic...

In this article, we report on the development of a catheter-based, biomimetic sensor as a step toward a minimally invasive diagnostic instrument in the context of functional bowel disorders. Histamine is a key mediator in allergic and inflammatory processes in the small intestines; however, it is a challenge to determine histamine levels at the duodenal mucosa, and classical bioreceptors are unsuitable for use in the digestive medium of bowel fluid. Therefore, we have developed molecularly imprinted polypyrrole coatings for impedimetric sensing electrodes, which enable the quantification of histamine in nondiluted, human bowel fluid in a broad concentration range from 25 nM to 1 μM. The electrodes show negligible cross-sensitivity to histidine as a competitor molecule and, for comparison, we also evaluated the response of nonimprinted and taurine-imprinted polypyrrole to histamine. Furthermore, using equivalent-circuit modeling, we found that the molecular recognition of histamine by polypyrrole primarily increases the resistive component of the electrode-liquid interface while capacitive effects are negligible. The sensor, integrated into a catheter, measures differentially to correct for nonspecific adsorption effects in the complex matrix of bowel fluids, and a single triggering frequency is sufficient to determine histamine concentrations. Together, these features are beneficial for real-time diagnostic tests.