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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

4.0K
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
4.0K
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
09:39

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

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Centrosome organization and functions.

Michel Bornens1

  • 1Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|December 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centrosome research has advanced significantly, yet a complete understanding of its functions remains elusive. This review explores centrosome evolution and recent findings on its diverse roles.

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Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
09:39

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

15.6K
Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes
09:41

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The centrosome, identified in the 19th century, has been a subject of intense molecular study for the past 30 years.
  • Despite extensive research, a comprehensive understanding of centrosome functions is still lacking.
  • Centrosome biogenesis and its role in heredity were historically significant, with early links to chromosomal theory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore progress towards a unified view of centrosome roles throughout evolution.
  • To review recent molecular data on key, unresolved questions regarding centrosome functions.
  • To synthesize current knowledge and identify future research directions for centrosome biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and recent molecular data on centrosomes.
  • Analysis of evolutionary perspectives on centrosome function.
  • Synthesis of current research on specific, critical aspects of centrosome biology.

Main Results:

  • Significant molecular data on centrosome biogenesis has accumulated over the last 30 years.
  • Major questions persist regarding the comprehensive functions of the centrosome.
  • Progress is being made in understanding the evolutionary roles of centrosomes.

Conclusions:

  • A unified view of centrosome functions across evolution is a critical, ongoing area of research.
  • Recent molecular data sheds light on specific centrosome functions but does not provide a complete picture.
  • Further investigation is required to fully elucidate the multifaceted roles of this essential organelle.