Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

<i>LRP1</i> and <i>RAGE</i> Expression in the Frontal Cortex in the Alzheimer's Disease Ischemia Model During 2 Years of Follow-Up.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

Aberrant Potassium Handling by Astrocytes and Epileptic Seizures: A Synthetic Update.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)·2026

Same author

Alterations of Apolipoprotein A1, E, and J Genes in the Frontal Cortex in an Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with 2-Year Survival.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

Non-Pharmacological Treatment Methods of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome-Review of the Literature.

Biomedicines·2025

Same author

Special Issue: Molecular Research in Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Alterations of <i>Mitophagy (BNIP3), Apoptosis (CASP3)</i>, and <i>Autophagy (BECN1)</i> Genes in the Frontal Cortex in an Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Long-Term Survival.

Current Alzheimer research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

Developing precision treatments for epilepsy using patient and animal models.

Krzysztof Łukawski^1,2, Stanisław J Czuczwar²

¹Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

|December 19, 2020

Summary

Animal seizure models are crucial for discovering new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Key models like MES, PTZ, and kindling help evaluate anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects for various seizure types.

Keywords:

Antiepileptic drugs combinations of antiepileptics drug-resistant epilepsy models of epileptogenesis seizure models

More Related Videos

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 17, 2021

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Published on: June 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 17, 2021

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Published on: June 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Epileptology

Background:

Phenytoin, the first antiepileptic drug (AED), was identified using animal seizure models.
This discovery established the importance of animal studies in the search for novel AEDs.
Evaluating potential anticonvulsants necessitates understanding established and emerging animal seizure models.

Purpose of the Study:

To review main seizure tests for evaluating anticonvulsant activity of potential drugs.
To assess the predictive value of these animal models for human epilepsy.
To include procedures for estimating antiepileptogenic effects.

Main Methods:

Maximal electroshock (MES) test for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test for generalized myoclonic and absence seizures.
Kindling model (e.g., amygdala) for focal seizures.
6 Hz (44 mA) test and intrahippocampal kainate model for drug-resistant seizures.

Main Results:

MES, PTZ, and kindling are first-line rodent seizure models.
Specific models predict efficacy for different seizure types.
Emerging models like 6 Hz and kainate are explored for drug-resistant epilepsy.

Conclusions:

Animal seizure models are essential for AED discovery and classification.
Established models predict efficacy for common seizure types.
Novel models are being developed for drug-resistant epilepsy, with limited clinical validation for combination therapies.