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Updated: Nov 25, 2025

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Social-environmental moderators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in youth born preterm: A systematic review

Sarah E Bills1, Julia D Johnston1, Dexin Shi1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.

Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
|December 21, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Social-environmental factors are often overlooked in preterm birth outcomes. Research shows these factors, like family functioning, play a role in neurodevelopmental delays, but more study is needed.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Preterm birth significantly increases infant risk for neurodevelopmental problems.
  • Medical factors are well-studied, but social-environmental influences on preterm infant neurodevelopment are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the quantity and methodological quality of research on social-environmental factors as moderators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.
  • To identify gaps in research regarding the role of social-environmental factors in preterm infant development.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of articles published between January 1980 and April 2019.
  • Included studies from a prior meta-analysis and a new MEDLINE search.

Main Results:

  • Eighty articles met inclusion criteria.
  • Most studies controlled for social-environmental factors; fewer examined them as moderators or correlates.
  • Socioeconomic status was more frequently studied than modifiable parent/family factors.

Conclusions:

  • Social-environmental factors are often viewed as secondary to medical risks of prematurity.
  • Evidence on their moderating role is mixed, highlighting the need for more research.
  • Further investigation into modifiable factors is crucial for developing targeted psychosocial interventions.

Keywords:
Pretermcognitive functioningneurodevelopmental outcomesparent and family functioningsocioeconomic status

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