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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
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Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

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CAN PROXIMAL HIP STRENGTH AND DYNAMIC CONTROL DIFFERENTIATE FUNCTIONAL ANKLE STABILITY CLASSIFICATIONS?

Edward P Mulligan1, Julie DeVahl1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|December 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hip strength and dynamic balance tests did not differentiate between individuals with chronic ankle sprains, ankle sprain copers, or healthy controls. These functional assessments are not reliable indicators for classifying ankle instability severity.

Keywords:
Chronic Ankle InstabilityInversion ankle sprainStar Excursion Balance Testcopersgluteal muscle strength

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Ankle instability is a common issue in active individuals, often leading to recurrent injuries.
  • Identifying factors that differentiate between chronic ankle sprains, copers, and healthy individuals is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether hip strength and dynamic balance deficits can distinguish between controls, ankle sprain copers, and those with chronic, recurrent ankle sprains.
  • To assess lower extremity reaching tasks on varied surfaces for their ability to differentiate functional ankle status.

Main Methods:

  • A quasiexperimental, ex post facto study involving 60 participants classified into control, coper, or chronic ankle sprain groups.
  • Hip strength (extensors, abductors) was measured using a hand-held dynamometer.
  • Dynamic balance was assessed via the modified Star Excursion Balance Test on flat and inclined surfaces.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in hip strength or dynamic balance performance were found between the control, coper, and chronic ankle sprain groups.
  • Limb symmetry for hip strength and balance reach tasks was comparable across all ankle stability classifications.
  • A fair correlation was observed between specific hip strength measures and posteromedial/posterolateral balance reach tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized assessments of isometric hip strength and dynamic lower extremity balance tasks do not effectively differentiate individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprains from those without.
  • Further research may be needed to identify more sensitive clinical measures for ankle instability.