Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

2.4K
Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
2.4K
Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

4.1K
Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors,...
4.1K
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

2.4K
Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral...
2.4K
Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

4.2K
The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+....
4.2K
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

1.2K
Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
1.2K
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

1.2K
α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally,...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Real-world evidence on levodopa dose escalation in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with istradefylline.

PloS one·2023
Same author

Istradefylline effects on tremor dominance (TD) and postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD).

Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders·2023
Same author

How and why the adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor became a target for Parkinson's disease therapy.

International review of neurobiology·2023
Same author

The Pharmacological Potential of Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> Receptor Antagonists for Treating Parkinson's Disease.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

Efficacy and safety of istradefylline in patients with Parkinson's disease presenting with postural abnormalities: Results from a multicenter, prospective, and open-label exploratory study in Japan.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2021
Same author

Efficacy of Istradefylline, an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist, as Adjunctive Therapy to Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 8 Phase 2b/3 Trials.

Journal of Parkinson's disease·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 24, 2025

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells
11:29

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

Published on: July 20, 2016

11.3K

How do adenosine A2A receptors regulate motor function?

Akihisa Mori1

  • 1Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|December 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism offers a novel therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms. Blocking these receptors in the basal ganglia may restore motor function by modulating striatal circuits.

Keywords:
A(2A) receptor antagonistAdenosineAdenosine A(2A) receptorBasal gangliaCyclic AMPParkinson's diseaseStriatopallidal pathway

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research
04:43

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.3K
Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning
14:47

Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Published on: April 21, 2023

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 24, 2025

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells
11:29

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

Published on: July 20, 2016

11.3K
Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research
04:43

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.3K
Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning
14:47

Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Published on: April 21, 2023

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor control.
  • The basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit plays a crucial role in motor function.
  • Adenosine A2A receptors are implicated in the regulation of motor pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of adenosine A2A receptors in motor control within the basal ganglia.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for Parkinson's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the neuroanatomy and physiology of adenosine A2A receptors.
  • Analysis of the functional significance of A2A receptors in basal ganglia circuits.
  • Examination of pathophysiological differences in normal versus PD states.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine A2A receptors are strategically located within the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit.
  • Antagonism of A2A receptors influences the dynamic functioning of the basal ganglia.
  • Understanding A2A receptor function is key to developing new PD symptomatic treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism is a promising strategy for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.
  • Targeting A2A receptors offers a novel approach to modulate basal ganglia circuitry and improve motor function in PD.