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Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Lyme Disease Pathogenesis.

Jenifer Coburn1, Brandon Garcia2, Linden T Hu3

  • 1Center For Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., TBRC C3980, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|December 23, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lyme disease Borrelia bacteria cause illness by triggering inflammation. This review explores how these pathogens use various mechanisms to spread and evade immune responses, leading to diverse symptoms in infected individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by ticks, which are invasive and persistent pathogens.
  • These bacteria adapt to mammalian hosts by altering gene expression, leading to multiplication, dissemination, and inflammation.
  • Tissue damage in Lyme disease primarily results from host inflammatory responses, despite low bacterial numbers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the virulence mechanisms and determinants of Borrelia bacteria.
  • To highlight mechanisms demonstrated in vivo, particularly in mouse models of infection.
  • To explore how a low bacterial burden can cause significant inflammation and symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Borrelia virulence factors.
  • Focus on studies demonstrating in vivo roles of virulence mechanisms.
  • Emphasis on findings from mouse models of Lyme disease infection.

Main Results:

  • Borrelia utilizes multiple mechanisms for dissemination, tissue colonization, and immune evasion.
  • Host inflammatory reactions are key drivers of tissue damage and diverse clinical manifestations.
  • The precise mechanisms linking low bacterial numbers to profound inflammation are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Borrelia virulence is crucial for explaining Lyme disease pathogenesis.
  • In vivo studies, especially in mouse models, are vital for elucidating bacterial strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully comprehend the host-pathogen interactions driving Lyme disease symptoms.