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Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Sampling and Identification of Microplastics in Groundwater
Published on: November 7, 2025
Natural groundwaters in Poland - occurrence, properties and chemical types
Joanna Ziemska1, Małgorzata Mazańska1, Tomasz Szynal1
1National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract:
Chemical composition, organoleptic and physicochemical properties of natural groundwaters are varied and dependent on their geological environment. Determining the basic organoleptic properties - such as colour, taste, odour - as well as physical properties - such as electrical conductivity or redox potential - allow us to assess the stability of water chemical composition. Based on their origin, groundwaters can be divided into infiltration, as well as condensation, juvenile, metamorphic and relic groundwaters, which are currently of lesser value. Groundwaters sourced in Poland belong to various chemical types and play an important role in balneotherapy and the bottling industry. Of particular importance are thermal, bicarbonate, chloride or sulphate type waters. There is also a growing interest in humic waters found in the Wielkopolska region.
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