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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.6K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.6K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

35.8K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Factors Affecting Nitrate Concentrations in Stream Base Flow.

Susan A Wherry1, Anthony J Tesoriero1, Silvia Terziotti2

  • 1U.S. Geological Survey, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|December 28, 2020
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High nitrate levels in Chesapeake Bay streams harm ecosystem health. Reducing nitrogen inputs, especially in agricultural areas with carbonate geology, is key to lowering concentrations.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Elevated nitrogen concentrations in Chesapeake Bay watershed streams negatively impact ecosystem health.
  • Nitrate from groundwater base flow is a major nitrogen contributor to streams.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and predict base flow nitrate concentrations in Chesapeake Bay watershed streams.
  • To identify key factors influencing nitrate levels in stream base flow.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized boosted regression trees (BRTs) to analyze relationships between base flow nitrate and explanatory variables.
  • Developed a predictive BRT model for base flow nitrate concentrations across the watershed.

Main Results:

  • Intensive agriculture, carbonate geology, and sparse riparian cover correlate with high nitrate concentrations.
  • Extensive riparian canopy, soil organic carbon, and suboxic conditions are linked to lower nitrate levels, indicating denitrification.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing nitrogen inputs, particularly in agricultural areas with carbonate geology, is crucial.
  • Subsurface denitrification, especially in riparian zones, effectively limits base flow nitrate.
  • Predictive models are essential for managing watershed nitrogen loads due to long nitrate transport lag times.