Ecological risk assessment of trace metals in sediments under reducing conditions based on isotopically exchangeable...

Determination of potential mobility of toxic trace metals in sediments under changing redox condition is important in ecological risk assessment. Current methods are limited in risk prediction in such dynamic environment. In this study, we have discussed the general disagreement from widely used methods (sediment quality guideline (SQGs), potential ecological risk index (PERI), risk assessment code (RAC) using BCR fraction information). In addition, the stable isotopic dilution method (IDM) was also modified to quantify metal lability in a microcosm experiment mimicking river bank sediment turning into anaerobic. The isotopically exchangeable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn quantified by IDM (%E _incub) was used in the RAC to reveal the trend of risk during this process. Strong risks from Cd are suggested by the PERI and RAC as a result of high toxicity and mobility of the element, while SQGs suggests medium risk for Cu, Pb, and Zn in certain samples. The disagreement between the results of RAC assessed by metal lability (%E _dry) and by BCR metal fractionation reflects the effect of sediment properties and source of metal contamination. The RAC based on the non-residual fractions is likely to overestimate the potential risk for most metals even there is a significant change in sediment Eh. The RAC assessed by %E _incub reveals that the variability in risk in response to the reducing Eh is not consistent. Large fluctuation in %E _incub for Cd (28.5%, 49.5%), Pb (27.6%, 18.2%), and Cu (14.4%, 24.7%) can shift the risks to a higher level in certain range of Eh in two sediments. In sediment with lower contents of metal binding phases (e.g. mineral oxides, organic matters), the release of metals can be more significant, thus higher ecological risk in changing redox condition.