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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
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Microneedle array systems for long-acting drug delivery.

Lalit K Vora1, Kurtis Moffatt1, Ismaiel A Tekko2

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V
|December 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Microneedles (MNs) offer a minimally invasive alternative to injections for sustained drug delivery. This review explores various MN types and nano/biotherapeutics for improved patient compliance and reduced side effects.

Keywords:
Controlled releaseImplantable deliveryIntradermal deliveryLong-acting therapyMicroneedlesNano-microparticlesOcular deliverySite-specific deliverySustained-releaseTransdermal delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Microneedle (MN) technology has been researched for over 20 years.
  • MNs provide a minimally invasive alternative to traditional injections.
  • They deliver therapeutics directly to dermal and ocular tissues for sustained release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review different types of MNs for long-acting drug delivery.
  • To explore nano/biotherapeutics utilized with MN systems.
  • To discuss potential clinical applications and future development of MN delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microneedle drug delivery.
  • Categorization of MN types (e.g., biodegradable, polymeric, hollow).
  • Analysis of nano/biotherapeutics incorporated into MNs.

Main Results:

  • Various MN designs enable sustained and controlled release of therapeutic payloads.
  • Biodegradable, nanoparticle-loaded/coated, and hollow MNs show promise.
  • MNs can reduce side effects and administration frequency, improving patient compliance.

Conclusions:

  • Microneedle technology offers a promising platform for long-acting drug delivery across diverse clinical applications.
  • Further development is needed to address challenges and realize the full clinical potential of sustained-release MNs.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing MN design and therapeutic payloads for specific disease conditions.