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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

4.9K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans
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Bone and Muscle Crosstalk in Aging.

Chen He1, Wenzhen He1, Jing Hou1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Osteoporosis and sarcopenia, now termed osteosarcopenia, are linked by aging-related changes in bone and muscle communication. This review explores how cellular factors and microRNAs mediate this crosstalk, impacting elderly health.

Keywords:
agingbonecrosstalkmuscleosteosarcopenia

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Musculoskeletal Health
  • Cellular Biology and Aging
  • Metabolic and Endocrine Research

Background:

  • Osteoporosis (low bone density) and sarcopenia (muscle loss) are prevalent age-related conditions impacting elderly quality of life.
  • Emerging evidence highlights a significant spatial and metabolic connection between skeletal muscle and bone.
  • Osteosarcopenia describes the synergistic effect of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related alterations in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs from muscle and bone cells.
  • To discuss the intricate interactions between muscle and bone cells mediated by these secreted factors during aging.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying osteosarcopenia development and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent basic and clinical studies on bone-muscle crosstalk in aging.
  • Analysis of age-associated changes in secreted factors (cytokines, myokines, osteokines) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) with microRNAs (miRNAs).
  • Examination of the regulatory roles of EVs-miRNAs in intercellular communication between bone and muscle.

Main Results:

  • Senescent muscle and bone cells release EVs containing miRNAs that influence reciprocal cellular activities.
  • Age-related changes in the secretome and EV-miRNA profiles contribute to the pathophysiology of osteosarcopenia.
  • These secreted factors and EVs play a crucial role in mediating the complex crosstalk between bone and muscle during aging.

Conclusions:

  • The bone-muscle axis is a critical determinant of health in aging individuals.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcopenia, including secretome and EV-miRNA signaling, is vital for developing targeted interventions.
  • Further research into these age-related cellular communication pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for preventing or treating osteosarcopenia.