Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

1.4K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
1.4K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

2.9K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
2.9K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

1.4K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
1.4K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

2.9K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
2.9K
Vision01:24

Vision

58.6K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
58.6K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

8.9K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ab Initio Binocular Formulation of Listing's Law.

Journal of eye movement research·2026
Same author

Author Correction: New results in stereopsis and Listing's law.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

New results in stereopsis and Listing's law.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

The horopter: Old and new.

Perception·2023
Same author

Binocular system with asymmetric eyes: erratum.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2019
Same author

Binocular system with asymmetric eyes.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

4.7K

A Geometric Theory Integrating Human Binocular Vision With Eye Movement.

Jacek Turski1

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|December 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new theory for asymmetric eyes (AEs), explaining horopter curves as conic sections. This model advances understanding of binocular vision and retinal correspondence.

Keywords:
asymmetric model eyebinocular visionconic sectionseye movementeye's aplanatic designhoropterretinal correspondencevergence resting position

More Related Videos

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes
08:27

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Published on: March 3, 2023

1.2K
Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

242

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

4.7K
Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes
08:27

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Published on: March 3, 2023

1.2K
Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

242

Area of Science:

  • Vision Science
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Robotics

Background:

  • The classic model of empirical horopters, introduced by Ogle in 1932, used conic sections in an ad hoc manner.
  • Existing theories do not fully account for the global asymmetry of the eyeball, including foveal displacement and crystalline lens tilt, which contribute to optical aberrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new theory of the binocular system incorporating asymmetric eyes (AEs) within bicentric perspective projections.
  • To propose a neurophysiologically meaningful definition for the eyes' primary position.
  • To advance the understanding of horopter curves and retinal correspondence.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theory based on bicentric perspective projections for asymmetric eyes.
  • Mathematical modeling of horopter curves as conic sections derived from anatomical eye asymmetries.
  • Computer simulation to visualize transformations of horopteric conics with varying AE positions.

Main Results:

  • Horopter curves are described as conic sections that resemble empirical horopters and are anatomically supported.
  • The derived horopteric conics vary with the position of asymmetric eyes in the visual plane during bifoveal fixations.
  • The theory allows for dynamic changes in retinal correspondence, challenging the notion of it being preformed and stable.

Conclusions:

  • The new theory provides an anatomically grounded explanation for horopter curves and retinal correspondence in asymmetric eyes.
  • This framework offers potential applications in designing stable perceptual systems for mobile robots.
  • A novel, neurophysiologically relevant definition for the eyes' primary position is proposed.